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OBJECTIVE: Peroxisome injury occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) during multiple virus infections that result in neurological disabilities. We investigated host neuroimmune responses and peroxisome biogenesis factors during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using a multiplatform strategy. METHODS: Brain tissues from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 12) and other disease control (ODC) (n = 12) patients, as well as primary human neural cells and Syrian hamsters, infected with a clinical variant of SARS-CoV-2, were investigated by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunodetection methods. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the CNS of 4 patients with COVID-19 with viral protein (NSP3 and spike) immunodetection in the brainstem. Olfactory bulb, brainstem, and cerebrum from patients with COVID-19 showed induction of pro-inflammatory transcripts (IL8, IL18, CXCL10, NOD2) and cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-18) compared to CNS tissues from ODC patients (p < 0.05). Peroxisome biogenesis factor transcripts (PEX3, PEX5L, PEX11ß, and PEX14) and proteins (PEX3, PEX14, PMP70) were suppressed in the CNS of COVID-19 compared to ODC patients (p < 0.05). SARS-CoV-2 infection of hamsters revealed viral RNA detection in the olfactory bulb at days 4 and 7 post-infection while inflammatory gene expression was upregulated in the cerebrum of infected animals by day 14 post-infection (p < 0.05). Pex3 transcript levels together with catalase and PMP70 immunoreactivity were suppressed in the cerebrum of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 induced sustained neuroinflammatory responses with peroxisome biogenesis factor suppression despite limited brainstem SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism in humans. These observations offer insights into developing biomarkers and therapies, while also implicating persistent peroxisome dysfunction as a contributor to the neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. ANN NEUROL 2023.
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The current work employs a Si-based one-dimensional (1-D) photonic struc-ture which delivers 20 different types of monochromatic laser beam via the filtering action. The I/P signals are essentially varying from visible to near infrared (NIR) range to justify the work. Though similar types of work related to filtering application are found in the literature, the present research deals with an output laser beam which could be deployed in different pur-poses vis-a-vis dentistry, dermatology, spectroscopy, printing, holography, barcode scanning, etc. The mechanism of this work incorporates 68 layers of SiO and Si-based 1-D optical waveguide along with their configuration where the plane wave expansion (PWE) method does fulfil the basics of the required mathematics to solve out electromagnetic wave equations. Reflec-tance and transmittance characteristics along with the absorbance are the critical parameters that substantiate the said application.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a global public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic has increased the suffering of humanity enormously. Loss of income and employment opportunities is the massive adverse effect of the pandemic. Due care needs to be taken by the top-level management of every sector to understand the adverse effect and causes or problems and to build the measures to overcome from the pandemic. The researcher had attempted and discussed the themes viz., areas of management, financial institutions cyber-crime, economic notion, human depression, school and colleges closures, returning of migrant laborers to identify the constraints and to come up with the remedial measures to overcome those constraints and how to build a new advanced society of Post COVID-19 era. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC.
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Indroduction: Thrombotic complications leading to cerebrovascular events occuring in conjunction with Covid-19 vaccination though rare, is well-documented. Moyamoya Angiopathy is a progressive intracranial vasculopathy leading to recurrent strokes. Case presentation: We present two index cases of young patient presenting with stroke and TIA following Covid-19 vaccination (COVISHIELD) leading to unmasking of Moyamoya Angiopathy. Conclusion(s): Arterial stroke following Covid-19 vaccination is documented, but uncommon. However, in the background of a vasculopathy, it may not be so rare. Moyamoya Angiopathy has been closely studied in the model of inflammatory pathophysiology in genetically predisposed patients leading to progressive vaso-occlusive disease. Few reports of Covid-19 infection potentiating Moyamoya Angiopathy symptoms are also documented. Thus, as an extrapolation of the inflammatory etiopathogenesis of Moyamoya Angiopathy, Covid-19 vaccination can similarly affect the Moyamoya symptomatology. These two index cases open new lines of enquiry regarding the interplay of Covid-19 vaccination and neurological destabilization in patients with underlying vasculopathy of inflammatory pathophysiology.Copyright © 2022
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In a world withstanding the waves of a raging pandemic, respiratory disease detection from chest radiological images using machine-learning approaches has never been more important for a widely accessible and prompt initial diagnosis. A standard machine-learning disease detection workflow that takes an image as input and provides a diagnosis in return usually consists of four key components, namely input preprocessor, data irregularities (like class imbalance, missing and absent features, etc.) handler, classifier, and a decision explainer for better clarity. In this study, we investigate the impact of the three primary components of the disease-detection workflow leaving only the deep image classifier. We specifically aim to validate if the deep classifiers may significantly benefit from additional preprocessing and efficient handling of data irregularities in a disease-diagnosis workflow. To elaborate, we explore the applicability of seven traditional and deep preprocessing techniques along with four class imbalance handling approaches for a deep classifier, such as ResNet-50, in the task of respiratory disease detection from chest radiological images. While deep classifiers are more capable than their traditional counterparts, explaining their decision process is a significant challenge. Therefore, we also employ three gradient visualization algorithms to explain the decision of a deep classifier to understand how well each of them can highlight the key visual features of the different respiratory diseases. © 2020 IEEE.
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SARS-CoV-2 is a chronic pneumonia-like infection reported first in 2019 December in the Wuhan province of China. Several genetic factors found to play a part in the incidence and severity of the infection such as gender, blood group, age, and even the geographical influence. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 severity and are often fatal. False positives and false negatives are caused by mutations in diagnostic instruments such as viral protein, and the same might be used to change effective treatments for this illness. These genetic variations and phenotypic changes in the virus and humans should be closely monitored to ensure accurate diagnosis and develop effective treatment options for this deadly infection. This chapter provides an overview of genotype-phenotype correlations in COVID-19 and its implications in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objective: COVID-19 leads to highly variable clinical outcomes among older people with psychiatric and medical co-morbidities. Evidence guiding management of future outbreaks among this vulnerable population in in-patient psychiatry settings are sparse. Hence, we aimed to investigate the correlates of poor clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 and to explore the perspectives of COVID-19 survivors in in-patient psychiatry settings. Method: We investigated the correlates of poor clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 using retrospective chart review of 81 older people in in-patient psychiatry settings. Correlates of clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 were assessed by multiple logistic regression models. Moreover, we explored the perspectives of 10 of those COVID-19 survivors by qualitative interviews. We analysed the qualitative data using thematic analysis. Results: Although 25.9% (n = 21) participants were asymptomatic, there was high COVID-19 related mortality rate (14.8%;n = 12). Vitamin-D deficiency, anticholinergic burden, and isolation policies within psychiatric wards were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with COVID-19 related deaths. Participants emphasised the importance of strengthening local support networks and making vaccination centres more accessible. Conclusions: Reducing anticholinergic prescriptions and improving isolation policies may mitigate poor clinical outcomes. Future research investigating the impact of vitamin-D supplementation on COVID-19 related outcomes are warranted. © The Author(s) 2023.
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The Omicron (B.1.1.529), fifth variant of concern (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2, initially identified following a steep increase in COVID-19 cases in Southern Africa in November 2021. It is a highly-mutated variant and is more contagious as compared with the Delta variant, however less deadly. Due to its high transmission rate, it spreads dramatically, and causing huge surges worldwide. It causes "mild infection”, with hospitalisations less likely to occur. However, this variant is known to show resistance to neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) generated through vaccination and/or prior infection as well as to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used to treat COVID-19 patients. In many countries, booster doses of vaccines have been recommended to increase the protective levels of antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Along with the implementation of appropriate prevention and control strategy measures, current efforts are also focussed on the development of better vaccines and mAbs to counter this variant. This review highlights the global health concerns and challenges posed by the Omicron variant and present an update on its sub-lineages. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus has dramatically changed the lives of students all around the world, with the virus's effects profoundly impacting students' physical and emotional well-being. Due to a series of shutdowns and lockdowns, social distancing, and further closure of schools, colleges, and institutions to ameliorate the pandemic crisis, the teaching and learning process shifted to an online form. As a result, students all over the world have been forced to deal with the problem as a last resort to accepting online education. This study looked at the efficiency of online education in the current situation and the student's reactions. To enhance the online method of education for students, we examined the success characteristics of online education in the Indian state of Odisha. The study's samples were collected from the faculty members of various graduate and post-graduate educational institutions in Odisha, who were recruited by questionnaire to get an expert opinion. © 2023 by the authors.
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Researchers around the world are struggling to discover ground-breaking equip-ment aimed at building a great healthcare structure to fight the novel corona virus for the duration of this global epidemic. How deep learning (DL) encountered the COVID-19 epidemic and what are the current guidelines for exploring the potential in COVID-19 are the subject to walk around. Over time, genetic material of novel corona viruses mutates itself and changed its characteristics to create different vari¬ants of viruses. These distinctive variants can trigger different waves of destructive infection in different parts of world. The substantiation of DL pertinences on the precedent pandemic motivates the professionals by giving an innovative trend to organize this outburst to make it least effective. The main target of this article is to study the utility of deep learning-based approaches on COVID-19 and also their credibility in terms of containment of the pandemic based on recent works around the globe. The study has listed down recent works within DL approaches regarding marking out of virus-affected people, investigation of its protein formation, vaccine & medicine finding, virus relentlessness, and contamination to direct the enduring eruption. DL is endowed with a suitable contrivance intended for rapid selection COVID-19 along with pronouncement possible high-risk patients, which possibly will be cooperative for medical resource optimization and early prevention prior to patients suffering rigorous indication. In this study, the wide-ranging consequence of DL on several magnitudes to be in command of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is discussed, and attempts are made to investigate it. Despite rich studies being con¬ducted through DL algorithms, there are still many limitations and contradictions in the area of COVID research. The continuous evolution of DL on coronavirus handles contamination and is costly to create the right resolution task. Apart from this, in this work, a DL-based pandemic analysis has been done using the received dataset from about 55 hospitals in West Bengal, India. According to some research scientists, we may enter the third and fourth waves too, thus this work will be help¬ful for further research activity in the years to come. Finally, it is expected this work will help many researchers throughout the world get some opportunity to find out the final remedy to get rid of this deadly virus. © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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The most common technique of analyzing data assembled to draw conclusions concerning the knowledge they contain, a lot of} with the utilization of specialized frameworks and programmes, is data examination. Researchers and professionals often use data analysis techniques and innovations to validate or, on the opposite hand, refute logical models, enabling organizations to form higher business decisions. Information analysis is turning into more and more popular in several fields, together with healthcare. Not solely will illustration play an enormous role in naturally displaying the results of knowledge analysis, however additionally throughout the whole method of collecting, cleaning, Associate in Nursing analyzing, and sharing information. this text outlines an approach for victimization Tableau as a business insight tool to represent and analyses aid data intelligently. Strategies: beginning with making the Tableau Work Space Individual ability 10.3, this analysis illustrates the foremost prevailing model-based technique of comprehending and visualizing Coronavirus data. © 2022 IEEE.
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The number of homeless people at airports has increased in recent years. As airports are safe, transit-accessible, convenient, and climate-controlled facilities with food and amenities, these places are attractive to homeless people who need a safe and secure place to stay. The main struggle of airports in this regard is maintaining a balance between customers, who are mostly the traveling public, and dealing with homeless people delicately. Moreover, because of their poverty and insufficient or no access to healthcare, these people suffer from physical and mental issues. With the COVID-19 pandemic, this problem became more critical. Many news media outlets started to report on homelessness at airports. News-framing impacts have some contribution in the context of this issue. However, the impact of news coverage on ‘‘airport and homelessness'' has not yet been studied. News-framing effects have been identified in the context of tourist destinations. Although many studies have explored homelessness and transit, this issue at airports has not been well studied. This study provides a brief overview of the issue of homelessness in the transportation domain, including transit and aviation. Additionally, this study collected news articles related to ‘‘airport and homelessness'' (71 articles) both during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020–July 21, 2021) and before the pandemic (before March 1, 2020). These news articles contain around 50,000 words. As the data is unsupervised in nature, a text network analysis was performed to determine the latent information from these textual contents. The findings of this study can shed some light on this scientifically unexplored but widely discussed issue. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2022.
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Background: Worldwide more than 107 million people get infected by COVID-19 and to suppress the frequency of the consequences of this disease when India went into complete lockdown, the largest postal network in the world i.e. Indiapost has become a lifesaver. Even in this critical situation, India post unlike world-post providing essential services even in doorstep. The employees who are providing these tireless services to our nation must not be ignored, so the aim of the present study is to assess their perceived stress level during COVID-19. Method(s): This is a cross-sectional study performed using both online and offline survey procedures from July 1 to September 15, 2020. Study participants were 190 postal employees from different states of India. Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) had been used for this study. Result(s): Among study population mean PSS-10 score was 25 in male respondents and 26 in female. The mean PSS-10 was also higher in the younger age group between 24-30 years. This may be due to future or life insecurity among younger population also distances from family and friends had a great influence on this stress level. Conclusion(s): This study can conclude that during this COVID-19 there were incidents of increase stress level among Indian postal employees. These can be mitigated by proper sleep during night, avoiding discussing about panic news for longer time, practicing simple and regular exercises or yogasana etc.
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An emergent coronavirus, now named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic on the 22nd March 2020. It has since caused unprece-dented pressures on the healthcare systems worldwide, leading to over five million cases and over three hundred thousand deaths. This has resulted in a global struggle to fight this disease, without any known cure or any definite treatment and with no vaccine. This challenge is exemplified by many with COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) rapidly deteriorating to critical illness, developing respiratory failure, multi-organ dysfunction or failure, and septic shock. This rapid deteriora-tion is thought to be due to the activation of the cytokine storm. The cytokine storm is characterised by mass cytokine and chemokine release, leading to wide-spread multi-organ damage. One of these such cytokines that plays a role in the cytokine storm is Interleukin (IL-) 6. Raised levels of IL-6 in many diseases have been observed to both correlate with disease severity and predict poor outcomes. Early studies began to show high levels of IL-6 in those with severe and critical COVID-19, and there is ongoing research into immune modulators to block IL-6, in the hope of halting disease progression and improving the chance of recovery. This article will explore the role that IL-6 plays in COVID-19 and whether an IL-6 blockade can prevent poor outcomes and reduce mortality.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Various health agencies, such as the European Medical Agency (EMA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO), timely cited the upsurge of antibiotic resistance as a severe threat to the public health and global economy. Importantly, there is a rise in nosocomial infections among covid-19 patients and in-hospitalized patients with the delineating disorder. Most of nosocomial infections are related to the bacteria residing in biofilm, which are commonly formed on material surfaces. In biofilms, microcolonies of various bacteria live in syntropy;therefore, their infections require a higher antibiotic dosage or cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics, aggravating the severity of antibiotic resistance. Notably, the lack of intrinsic antibacterial properties in commercial-grade materials desires to develop newer functionalized materials to prevent biofilm formation on their surfaces. To devise newer strategies, materials prepared at the nanoscale demonstrated reasonable antibacterial properties or enhanced the activity of antimicrobial agents (that are encapsulated/chemically functionalized onto the material surface). In this manuscript, we compiled such nanosized materials, specifying their role in targeting specific strains of bacteria. We also enlisted the examples of nanomaterials, nanodevice, nanomachines, nano-camouflaging, and nano-antibiotics for bactericidal activity and their possible clinical implications.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)
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Beginning in 2020, Covid has increased as a result of a burst put on by a respiratory infection with a substantial peaking fatality rate. The unforeseen occurrence and unchecked global spread of the COVID-19 illness highlight the limitations of current healthcare systems in responding to emergencies affecting public wellness. In these conditions, innovative developments like public blockchain and intelligent systems (AI) have emerged as possible treatments for the covid epidemic. In particular, block chain may help with early identification to combat pandemics. With the measures put in place to prevent infection by wearing masks, social seclusion with a 6m radius, routine testing, and two vaccine doses. This system includes mask measurement, people identification, temp sensors, information tracking, in-person interaction locating, and the current state of a user's medical chart. With the development of technology and increased smartphone usage, illnesses may be tracked and their spread controlled. Considering that the expansion of the business sector's rehabilitation and its continued broad distribution of Covid, it is more crucial to adhere to the instructions to avoid contamination. © 2022 IEEE.
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The present study was simultaneously conducted in two distantly located areas to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on farming processes, instantaneous financial impacts and mitigation strategies adopted by the farmers in the small scale freshwater carp farming and coastal brackish water shrimp farming sectors in India. Primary data were collected through interview of the farmers with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedules. Though the initial impact in both the sectors were substantial, freshwater carp farmers mitigated the crises comparatively well because of wider option in alternative livelihood, low cost locally available inputs, mobilization of local market, direct door to door vending of live fish and mobilization of women work force from the family in the farming sector. Untapped resource in the form of women's' participation in the freshwater farming practices was noteworthy during the pandemic period which increased polynomially (y = - 1.0714x2 + 7.5286x -2.2;R2 = 0.9648). As the shrimp farming sector was dependent upon external markets and burdened with high cost inputs primarily supplied by the input dealers on credit basis, the sector has to bear the burden most. Garret's Rank analysis revealed that integration with other production sectors ranked first as mitigation perception to the freshwater carp farmers, whereas, to the coastal shrimp farmers, the highest rank was with the perception that everything will be normalized within 2- 3 months naturally. Garret's Rank analysis also revealed that in both the sectors, the farmers most important need was credit from the Govt. source in mitigating COVID-19 like crisis in future. © D. Hait.
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Viral diseases initiated by Coronavirus (CoV) have become the major public health problems worldwide in the last two decades. The recent emergence of the deadly COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 has created unprecedented pandemic situations around the globe making the need for antiviral molecules to treat it. Encountering the health conditions of the patients with synthetic molecules has shown some unpredictable results, including side effects. To face this complex situa-tion, natural products can be good sources of enormous treatment options with fewer side effects. Wide diversity, easy availability, and a good number of scientific researches on Asian origin natural products can be a great tool to meet this critical situation. This paper reviews the currently available Asian natural products with potential antiviral effects on CoV. It includes the potential natural products of whole plant extract, partial plant extract, isolated pure compounds, and isolated pure set of compounds. Besides, the available information of in vitro and in silico from very recent pa-pers are also summarized for the ease of future research. As a rapid search for a potential anti-CoV therapy is undergoing, Asian natural products will provide promising results but still, there are many challenges in front of us, including the robust in vitro assay to confirm the antiviral property, toxicity analysis, and fulfillment of regulatory needs. The use of appropriate natural products with the potential for a safe and more effective anti-CoV property requires multidisciplinary research with preclinical and clinical researchers, which will improve their clinical applications.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in about 75.2M cases and 1.67M deaths worldwide, as on 18th December 2020 data live updates of World Health Organizations. In response to this pandemic, this study analyzes the global issue of rising and falling of COVID-19 cases and changing scenario of economies. Method(s): The data has been extracted from January 2020 to December 2020 from some of the reliable sources of the World like WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard, Worldometer, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It also represents the global scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic and its social determinants around the world. Result(s): There has been spatial heterogeneity in the number of cases and the number of deaths among regions worldwide. There is a great impact on the countries economy, both on the supply and demand side. It shows that several factors affect the determinants of health at various levels like income, healthcaresystem, education, etc also play a major role in it. Conclusion(s): The increasing cases worldwide have adversely affected the economy and have led to a scarcity of resources which further caused the collapse of the economy and trade.Copyright © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.
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The main objective of this paper is to detect the infection rate of the SARS-Cov-2 virus among patients who are suffering from COVID with different symptoms. In this work, some data inputs from the intended patients (like contact with any COVID infected person and any COVID patient within 1 km.) are collected in the form of a questionnaire and then applied Naïve Bayes probabilistic technique to evaluate the probability of how much that patient is affected in this deadly virus. Following this process, we collect sample data of 80 patients and apply the proposed analysis process using the C programming language. This approach also shows the comparison for different test cases with respect to the feedbacks of actual patient data analysis. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.